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list of journals available. |
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August, 2022 Current Topics |
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India and
the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework, July 2022. India’s
decision to join the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework (IPEF) may
have surprised many who have followed India’s recent record in
joining bilateral and multilateral economic arrangements. In
2019, India announced that instead of signing the deal, it would
leave the negotiations for the Regional Comprehensive Economic
Partnership (RCEP), a fifteen-member trade agreement in the Asia
Pacific. In 2020, India and the United States’ effort to sign a
bilateral trade and investment agreement stalled. In 2021, the
United States and India announced that working towards a free
trade agreement was off the table... |
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EWC |
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Taiwan Matters for America Special
Series:
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Scholarly Ties, Cooperative Research, Academic Dialogue, and
International Student Exchanges in US‒Taiwan Relations, July
2022
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US-Taiwan Relations and the National Security vs. Human
Rights Fallacy, July 2022
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US
Policy Toward Taiwan Should Emphasize Substance, Not
Fanfare, July 2022
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Taiwan and America: Partners in the Battle for the Cognitive
Domain, July 2022
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Expanding the Depth and Breadth of the US-Taiwan
Technological Partnership via the Semiconductor Ecosystem,
July 2022
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Taiwan’s Big and Clean Bets: Towards Green Cooperation, July
2022
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Resilient Industry Ecochains for the US-Taiwan Partnership,
July 2022
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Taiwan-US Cooperation in Public Health and Pandemic
Containment, July 2022
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A
Thought Piece for Taiwan Matters for America, July 2022
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EWC |
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US-Korea Relations:
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EWC |
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Special Series on The Pacific
Islands:
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EWC |
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How to Make Indonesia’s Sovereign Wealth Fund Work, July 2022.
Indonesia has finally joined a long list of emerging economies with
sovereign wealth funds. Indonesia Investment Authority (INA) was
established in 2021 with the task of making long-term investments to
support sustainable national development. INA’s immediate role is to
purchase attractive assets from infrastructure-related state
enterprises, which have built up large debts since the government
actively mobilised them in the mid-2010s. Through this process, state
enterprises will eventually be able to use the proceeds to strengthen
balance sheets and conduct more development projects. Moreover, INA is
searching for external co-investors. Since domestic financial resources
are limited, foreign investment could contribute to accelerating the
implementation of economic projects. While benefiting from co-investors’
large capital pool and know-how, INA, in turn, could help co-investors
manage financial, political, and geostrategic risks. Although still at
an early stage, talk on co-investment is progressing with diverse
financiers... |
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Lowy |
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Japan’s Security Strategy, July 2022.
This special report demonstrates the extraordinary proactivity of Japan
towards issues of regional order-building, security and defence policy,
and military capability development and teases out the implications for
Australia as a closely aligned partner. The author collates and presents
a wide range of disparate official source documentation and thematic
analyses to render an appraisal of Japan’s security strategy in a
comprehensive but digestible format. The report concludes that, while
Japanese activity in the security sphere has been unprecedented and
prolific, Canberra must also be aware of certain limitations in terms of
resources, and political caveats to Japan becoming a ‘normal country’ or
bona fide ‘great power’. Canberra, too, must be a creative, practical
policymaker if the full benefits of the deepening special strategic
partnership with Japan are to contribute to a truly free and open
Indo-Pacific. |
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ASPI |
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North of 26 Degrees South and the Security of Australia: Views From the
Strategist, Volume 5, July 2022.
The Northern Australia Strategic Policy Centre’s latest report is a
series of articles published in The Strategist over the last six months,
building on previous volumes by identifying critical intersections of
national security, nation-building and Australia’s north. This issue,
like previous volumes, includes a wide range of articles sourced from a
diverse pool of expert contributors writing on topics as varied as
biosecurity, infrastructure, critical communications, cyber-resilience,
maritime infrastructure, foreign investment, space, and Indigenous
knowledge-sharing. It also features a foreword by ASPI’s new Executive
Director, Justin Bassi. The 19 articles propose concrete, real-world
actions for policy-makers to facilitate the development, prosperity and
security of Australia’s north. The authors share a sense that those
things that make the north unique – its vast space, low population
density, specific geography, and harsh investment environment – are
characteristics that can be leveraged, not disadvantages. |
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ASPI |
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Trends in
Southeast Asia 2022 #12: The Halal Project in Indonesia:
Shariatization, Minority Rights and Commodification.
Discussions on halal are not newly invented in the context
of Indonesia only since the formalization of the halal issue
in the 1990s. The matter has been recognized since the
coming of Islam to the archipelago. As with other religions
such as Judaism, Islam also has regulations on the
lawfulness and the unlawfulness of consuming and producing
goods, which are classified as halal (permissible) and haram
(impermissible or forbidden). In addition, halal and haram
are considered important distinctions in Islam. Because
halal and haram have doctrinal positions in Islam, all
Muslims are committed to upholding that difference in their
daily life. Other than taking part in mandatory prayers,
Muslims are regulated in what is permissible and
impermissible in eating, drinking and other behaviours.
Those who do not obey are categorized as sinful Muslims... |
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ISEAS |
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Trends in
Southeast Asia 2022 #11: Justifying Digital Repression via
“Fighting Fake News” - A Study of Four Southeast Asian
Autocracies.
In mainland Southeast Asia, the governments of Cambodia,
Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam have been using the pretext of
curbing “fake news” to control digital space. The phenomenon
of “fake news” gained international traction in light of,
among other things, the 2016 US elections and Brexit, in
which false online information contributed to the rise of
hate speech and extremism, political divides and the eroding
of democracy. While these concerns are legitimate and have
led to the implementation of various regulatory measures and
content moderation policies, political leaders, especially
autocratic ones, have found it useful to make policy
responses to “fake news” as a means to stifle critics. This
weaponizing of “fake news” allegations has served to tighten
the regimes’ grip on information to the detriment of a
healthy information environment... |
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ISEAS |
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Russian Foreign Policy under Putin: What Does it Mean for
India? July 2022.
The special and privileged strategic partnership between
India and Russia has been under renewed scrutiny since the
latter launched an invasion of Ukraine in February 2022. New
Delhi has continued to carry out a fine balancing act in
maintaining its engagement with Moscow while also managing
close ties with its Western partners. Driven by national
interests and geostrategic calculations, bilateral ties have
remained strong despite a sense of stagnation in recent
years. What factors account for this development, what are
the opportunities and challenges, and how have Russian
foreign policy decisions impacted its relationship with
India? This issue brief traces the history of Indo-Russia
ties in the 21st century to answer these questions and
understand their current trajectory amidst the ongoing war. |
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ISDP |
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India’s Act East Policy: Finding Opportunities in
Post-Pandemic Adversities, July 2022.
India’s Act East Policy has fallen short of its promised
potential due to factors like China’s increasing influence
in the region, rising tensions between India and China, and
India’s withdrawal from the RCEP. Since the end of 2019, the
COVID-19 pandemic has damaged economies, disrupted supply
chains, interrupted services, and led to many more
challenges. Despite such issues, the pandemic triggered a
new urgency to re-imagine the cooperation and explore new
avenues of collaboration under the Act East Policy. This
issue brief discusses the new areas of cooperation – in
health, digitalization, and the green economy – with India’s
eastern neighbors. |
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ISDP |
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China in Sri Lanka and Solomon Islands: Role of Littorals in
the Geopolitical Competition, July 2022.
This issue brief discusses the growing Chinese sphere of
influence in Sri Lanka and Solomon Islands, its impact on
the region and on the regional powers, India and Australia.
The Rajapaksa regime in Sri Lanka and Sogavare
administration in Solomon Islands face significant
geostrategic competition where security agreements and
multiple infrastructure projects are carried out in the
littorals by extra-regional powers. Both regimes faced
public protest, and are seen as fragile democracies where
Chinese maneuvers are visible. China is making inroads using
the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) to expand into Sri
Lanka’s regional provinces. How do Sri Lanka and Solomon
Islands threaten their immediate regional power? How can the
Indo-Pacific Economic Framework (IPEF)/Quad help vulnerable
nations to realign with a rules-based order? What is the
role of littorals in the security balance? |
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ISDP |
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Asian Development Outlook (ADO) 2022 Supplement: Recovery
Faces Diverse Challenges.
This Supplement revises the growth forecasts for developing
Asia from 5.2% to 4.6% for 2022 and from 5.3% to 5.2% for
2023, reflecting worsened economic prospects because of
COVID-19 lockdowns in the People’s Republic of China (PRC),
more aggressive monetary tightening in advanced economies,
and fallout from Russia’s protracted invasion of Ukraine.
The inflation forecast for developing Asia is revised up,
from 3.7% to 4.2% for 2022 and from 3.1% to 3.5% for 2023,
amid higher fuel and food prices. Inflation pressures in the
region are, however, less than elsewhere in the world... |
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ADB |
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Trade Interdependencies in COVID-19-Related Essential
Medical Goods: Role of Trade Facilitation and Cooperation
for the Asian Economies, July 2022.
This paper empirically investigates the state of trade
interdependency for coronavirus disease (COVID-19) essential
medical goods—vaccines and their value chains, personal
protective equipment, and diagnostic test kits—across 29
Asia and the Pacific economies. Expanding on Hayakawa and
Imai (2022), the analysis investigates whether trade
facilitation, proxied by membership in regional trade
agreements (RTAs), can help mitigate any adverse impact on
trade in essential medical goods... |
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ADB |
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Latest ADBI Working Paper Series:
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ADB |
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Latest ADB Publications:
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The Rise of Asia: Perspectives and Beyond, Published 2022
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The Story of Lanka Electricity Company, July 2022
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How to Recover Learning Losses from COVID-19 School Closures
in Asia and the Pacific, July 2022
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Sea-Level Change in the Pacific Islands Region: A Review of
Evidence to Inform Asian Development Bank Guidance on
Selecting Sea-Level Projections for Climate Risk and
Adaptation Assessments, July 2022
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Economic Insights from Input–Output Tables for Asia and the
Pacific, July 2022
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Practical Responses to Real Problems: Eight Poverty
Reduction Cases from the Asian Development Bank, Volume 2,
July 2022
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Viet Nam’s Ecosystem for Technology Startups, July 2022
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Monitoring and Evaluation of ADB’s Climate Change
Operational Framework 2017–2030, July 2022
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Blue Economy and Blue Finance: Toward Sustainable
Development and Ocean Governance, Published 2022
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Long-Term Care for Older People in Viet Nam: The Current
Scenario, and Next Steps Toward a Healthy, Aging Population,
July 2022
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ADB |
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Latest APEC publications:
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APEC |
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July, 2022 |
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Philippine Perspectives on the 75th
Anniversary of US-Philippines Bilateral Relations, June 2022:
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EWC |
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The Australian Defence Force and Its Future Energy Requirements, June
2022.
The global energy system is undergoing a rapid and enduring shift with
inescapable implications for militaries, including the ADF.
Electrification and the use of alternative liquid fuels are occurring at
scale across the civilian economies. Despite that, fossil fuels, such as
diesel and jet fuel, will be around for a long time to come, given their
use in long-lived systems like air warfare destroyers, Lockheed Martin’s
F-35 aircraft, M1A2 Abrams tanks, and in capabilities still in the
design stage but planned to enter service beginning in the mid-2030s
such as the Hunter-class frigates. Australian supply of these fuels is
provided by globally sourced crude oil flowing through a handful of East
and Southeast Asian refineries. Supply arrangements for these critical
commodities are likely to become more fraught, however. This is already
occurring because of the fracturing of global supply chains and the
drive for national resilience in many nations, driven by Covid-19, the
return of coercive state power and, of course, Putin’s war in Ukraine.
Australia’s dependence on imports for liquid-fuel security, at least as
it pertains to the ADF, extends well beyond insufficient reserves and
refineries... |
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ASPI |
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Countering the Hydra: A Proposal for an Indo-Pacific Hybrid Threat
Centre, June 2022.
Enabled by digital technologies and fuelled by geopolitical competition,
hybrid threats in the Indo-Pacific are increasing in breadth,
application and intensity. Hybrid threats are a mix of military,
non-military, covert and overt activities by state and non-state actors
that occur below the line of conventional warfare. The consequences for
individual nations include weakened institutions, disrupted social
systems and economies, and greater vulnerability to coercion—especially
from revisionist powers such as China. But the consequences of increased
hybrid activity in the Indo-Pacific reach well beyond individual
nations. The Indo-Pacific hosts a wide variety of political systems and
interests, with multiple centres of influence, multiple points of
tension and an increasingly belligerent authoritarian power. It lacks
the regional institutions and practised behaviours to help ensure
ongoing security and stability. And, because of its position as a
critical centre of global economic and social dynamism, instability in
the Indo-Pacific, whether through or triggered by hybrid threats, has
global ramifications... |
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ASPI |
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Ukraine-Russia War: A Prelude to a Post-Western
International Order? June 2022.
This Issue Brief analyzes how the collective action of
developed countries in response to Russia’s invasion of
Ukraine has demonstrated just how dominant the so-called
“Western” international order is. Instead of a post-Western
international order emerging, the developed countries’
response to Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and concerns about
China’s revisionist track record, reveals how so-called
Western international order is adapting to outcompete and be
resilient against revisionist states that chose to use
military or other means to revise international order in
their favor. |
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ISDP |
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Rethinking Greater Central Asia: New American and Western
Approaches to Continental Trade and Afghanistan, June 2022.
Greater Central Asia is reeling from the twin shocks of the
U.S. withdrawal from Afghanistan and Vladimir Putin’s
invasion of Ukraine. The chaotic U.S. withdrawal risks
postponing indefinitely Central Asian efforts to escape the
region’s key geography-induced challenge – its landlocked
status – as the prospect of building direct links to the
world seas through that country now seem bleak. Russia’s
aggressive behavior in Ukraine suggests it could be poised
to assert itself in Central Asia as well, benefiting from
Central Asia’s inability to connect directly to the world
economy. These events, to which China’s growing role in the
region should be added, suggest that U.S. and EU approaches
to the region – governed through relatively recent strategy
documents – must be rethought. The Afghan government formed
in 2002 had worked with international funders and partners
to reopen the ancient corridors to the South and to
transform them into modern roads and railroads supplemented
with pipelines for the east-west shipment of gas and
north-south power lines for transmitting electricity... |
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ISDP |
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Political and Economic Reforms in Kazakhstan Under President
Tokayev, November 2021.
Kazakhstan’s leaders have long harbored ambitious visions
for their country’s future. The country’s first President,
Nursultan Nazarbayev, launched several far-reaching goals
for the country’s development, most notably in 2012 the
“Kazakhstan 2050” strategy, which aimed for Kazakhstan to
take a place among the world’s 30 most developed states by
mid-century. For a young country in the third decade of its
independence, such lofty goals clearly required far-reaching
reforms. Still, Kazakhstan’s leadership focused primarily on
reforming the country’s economy. While acknowledging the
need for political reforms, the leadership explicitly
followed a strategy that prioritized the economy. President
Nazarbayev on numerous occasions stated that “we say: the
economy first, then politics.” But major shifts in the
global political economy in the past decade forced a
revision to this strategy. By 2015, it had become clear that
a focus on economics alone would not be sufficient for
Kazakhstan to reach its stated goals... |
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ISDP |
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After the India-US Civil Nuclear Agreement: Assessing
India’s Responsible Nuclear Status in Global Governance,
June 2022.
India has maintained a historical opposition to joining the
Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) and
the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT), in arguing that
both treaties create an unfair hierarchical system in global
governance. However, in spite of contesting these norms that
govern nuclear practices, India has been successful in
gaining de facto recognition from the United States through
a bilateral signing of the 123 Agreement. While examining
this paradox, this paper argues that even with the rendered
de facto recognition, India’s nuclear identity remains far
from being normalized... |
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ISDP |
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Kazakhstan’s June Referendum: Accelerating Reform, May
2022.
The violence of January 2022 exposed both the demand for
greater change in Kazakhstan’s society, as well as elite
conflicts involving influential forces seeking to block
President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev’s reform initiatives. As
President Tokayev emerged from the crisis with greater
authority over the country’s governing institutions, he
fast-tracked a political reform package planned for later in
the year, and submitted it to a nationwide referendum
scheduled for June 5. The changes envisaged accelerate the
pace of reform in the country, but remain within the
fundamental paradigm of top-led gradual change to the system
that has been Tokayev’s intention since his election in
2019. Conditions for their implementation will not be easy,
given a difficult economic and geopolitical environment.
Still, these reforms represent a shift: while earlier
reforms sought to build participatory and competitive
politics only very slowly at the local level, the current
reform package envisages a gradual liberalization of the
political system at all levels in order for the system to
maintain its legitimacy. |
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ISDP |
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Trends in
Southeast Asia 2022 #10: Muslim Sectarianism versus the
De-escalation of Sectarianism in Malaysia.
In 1992, a group of academics from the National University
of Malaysia (UKM) organized a seminar titled “Seminar Ahli
Sunnah dan Syiah Imamiyyah” (“Seminar on Ahl al-Sunnah and
Imami Shi’ism”) in Kuala Lumpur. The two-day event arguably
aimed to demonize the Shi’a sect and its adherents, as
evident from the content of the presentations which will be
discussed below. Among the various presenters was Wan Zahidi
Wan Teh (1992, pp. 1–34), a lecturer from the Department of
Shariah who presented a paper on “Ahlul Bait Menurut
Pandangan Sunnah dan Syiah” (“The Prophet’s Household
According to Sunnis and Shi’as”). After a lengthy
explanation of his own understanding of the Ahlul Bait, he
argued that Shi’as should not have the right to talk about
the Ahlul Bait, and he dismissed them as a movement founded
by Jews. He then quoted the founder of Wahhabism, Imam
Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab, and referred to Shi’as as
apostates (ibid., p. 30). Proclaiming himself as adefender
of Islam, he concluded that the goal of Shi’as in
Malaysia... |
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ISEAS |
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Attitudes towards Work and Workplace Arrangements Amidst
COVID-19 in Singapore, April 2022. This paper presents the
attitudes and perceptions of Singaporeans towards work and
workplace arrangements amidst the global COVID-19 pandemic. It
also examines their work experiences, beliefs and aspirations,
as well as their well-being during this period. The pandemic has
pushed both employers and employees to consider new ways of
work. While many employers, prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, have
been slow in initiating flexible working arrangements, the
pandemic has accelerated the adoption of such practices. Indeed,
the world’s biggest experiment on remote working has proven that
employees generally remain productive even when they are not
on-site. A major draw of flexible working arrangements has been
its potential to allow greater work-life harmony. For working
parents, especially females who typically carry a heavier
caregiving burden, flexible working arrangements has allowed
them to work while taking care of their children. It has also
given more opportunities for men, who otherwise would have been
confined to the office, to better share in domestic work... |
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IPS |
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Precarity in Platform Work: A Study of Private-Hire Car Drivers
and Food Delivery Rider, February 2022. Since 2019, aided by
a Social Science Research Council Thematic Grant, researchers
from the Institute of Policy Studies began research to
understand the experiences of platform workers, specifically the
experiences of private-hire car (PHC) drivers and delivery
riders. This research was complemented by a collaboration with
technology super-app Gojek which started in January 2021 and
ended in April 2021. While planned before the COVID-19 pandemic
and extended well into the current times, the studies were
conducted against the backdrop of increasing economic and social
uncertainty and work precarity; conditions that have existed
before the pandemic but further amplified since then. We were
interested in areas such as the profile of these workers, the
reasons for their joining and/or leaving (if at all) platform
work, financial and physical health, job protections and
precarity, future job prospects and to discover other
job-related insights to obtain a better appreciation of these
workers, as well as their contexts. This working paper reflects
our ongoing work in this area... |
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IPS |
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Latest ADBI Working Paper Series:
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Monetary Stance and Favorableness of Monetary Policy in the
Media: The Case of Viet Nam, June 2022
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Women Online: A Study of Common Service Centers in India
Using a Capability Approach, June 2022
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The Impact of Sending Top College Graduates to Rural Primary
Schools, June 2022
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The Cold Economy, June 2022
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Technology Spillover and Absorptive Capacity of Firms and
Countries, June 2022
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Is
Hiring Foreign Worth It? Spillover from Foreign Firms’ Human
Capital and Local Firms’ Productivity, June 2022
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Simultaneity and Heterogeneity in Import and Productivity:
Case Study of Indonesian Manufacturing, June 2022
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Mobile-Assisted Language Teaching: A Systematic Review with
Implications for Southeast Asia, June 2022
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Harnessing Foreign Technology to Improve Firm Performance:
Evidence from Philippine Manufacturing Enterprises, June
2022
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Recent Developments in Basic Education in Thailand: Issues
and Challenges, June 2022
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ADB |
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Latest ADB Working Paper Series:
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ADB |
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Latest ADB Publications:
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Cambodia’s Ecosystem for Technology Startups, June 2022
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Singapore’s Ecosystem for Technology Startups and Lessons
for Its Neighbors, June 2022
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The Asia–Pacific Road Safety Observatory’s Indicators for
Member Countries, June 2022
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Asia Bond Monitor, June 2022
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Labor Market Conditions for Health and Elderly Care Workers
in the People’s Republic of China, June 2022
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Creative Economy 2030: Imagining and Delivering a Robust,
Creative, Inclusive, and Sustainable Recovery, June 2022
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Green Bond Market Survey for Thailand: Insights on the
Perspectives of Institutional Investors and Underwriters,
June 2022
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Recent Technological Advances in Financial Market
Infrastructure in ASEAN+3: Cross-Border Settlement
Infrastructure Forum, June 2022
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Women’s Resilience in the Lao People's Democratic Republic:
How Laws and Policies Promote Gender Equality in Climate
change and Disaster Risk Management, June 2022
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Women’s Resilience in Mongolia: How Laws and Policies
Promote Gender Equality in Climate change and Disaster Risk
Management, June 2022
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Promoting Local Currency Sustainable Finance in ASEAN+3,
June 2022
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Leveraging Fintech to Expand Digital Health in Indonesia,
the Philippines, and Singapore: Lessons for Asia and the
Pacific, June 2022
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WTO Accession and Post-Accession Trade Policy by Selected
Transition Economies in the Caucasus and Central Asia, June
2022
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Regional Flyway Initiative: Investing in the East
Asian–Australasian Flyway for Nature and People, June 2022
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ADB |
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Latest APEC publications:
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Promote Supply Chain Connectivity by Enhancing and Better
Understanding Digital Innovation in APEC Port Industry, June
2022
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Best Practices and Recommended Policies for Optimising the
Plastic Supply Chain in Southeast and East Asia, June 2022
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Project Report: APEC Sustainable Coastal Cities Symposium
2021, June 2022
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Individual Action Plan for the Enhancement of the Ratio of
Women's Representation in Leadership: Final Review Study and
Online Workshop, June 2022
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Final Report on Capacity Building for Digital Innovation
Using Blockchain Technology, June 2022
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APEC Cross-Domain Innovation Ecosystem Guidebook: A New
Growth Path for SMEs through Digital Platforms, June 2022
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Learning Workshop in Artificial Intelligence: Experiences of
APEC Economies, June 2022
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Study on Transparency of Technical Barriers to Trade
Notifications in the APEC Region, June 2022
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The Future of Women at Work: Empowering Women’s Role in the
Transition Era of Automation, June 2022
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Sustainable Materials Management of Food in the APEC Region:
A Review of Public Policies That Support Reducing Food Loss
and Waste, June 2022
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PPFS Webinar on Sharing Best Practices on Digitalization and
Innovation of APEC Food System, June 2022
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Capacity Building on Testing and Conformity Assessment of
Fine Bubble Technologies for Use in Agro-/Aqua-Culture and
Water Treatment in APEC Region, June 2022
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Follow-Up Peer Review on Energy Efficiency in Indonesia,
June 2022
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Research Outcomes: Summary of Research Projects 2021
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APEC |
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June, 2022 |
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China's Military Advances Make Case for Strategic Stability
Talks, May 2022. China has long sought to distinguish its
nuclear posture and force structure from those of Russia and the
United States. However, its recent military advances and shifts
in arsenal size, mating posture, alert status, dual-capable
systems, and machine learning and autonomy demonstrate an
ever-growing degree of convergence with these two countries.
While introducing the potential for arms races or crises, these
developments also increase the impetus for strategic stability
dialogues. Unlike arms control negotiations, which tend to
concentrate on limits to weapons development and numbers,
strategic stability dialogues are broader and focus on weapons
employment and escalation. Though past efforts to engage in such
talks have met with challenges, the appeal of strategic
stability talks may be growing. |
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EWC |
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NATO’s Asia-Pacific Partners & Their Ukraine Response: Why
Global Partnerships Matter for America, May 2022. The North
Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is traditionally thought of
as a military alliance between 28 European member states and 2
North American member states (Canada and the United States).
However, NATO has been stepping up engagement with its four
“Asia-Pacific partners” (Japan, South Korea, Australia, and New
Zealand) since December 2020, when these four countries
participated for the first time in a NATO Foreign Ministerial
Meeting. But these four countries have been involved with NATO
as “partners across the globe” for decades — Japan since the
early 1990s, South Korea and Australia since 2005, and New
Zealand since 2001... |
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EWC |
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Turning Point? Putin, Xi, and the Russian Invasion of Ukraine, May 2022.
At their Beijing summit in February 2022, Chinese President Xi Jinping
and Russian President Vladimir Putin proclaimed a “friendship without
limits”. Yet Putin’s invasion of Ukraine, and the Chinese response to
it, has exposed the limitations of the Sino–Russian partnership. Far
from being an “axis of authoritarians”, this is a traditional great
power relationship centred in strategic calculus. Chinese and Russian
interests diverge in key respects, and the war has highlighted
contrasting visions of global order and disorder. Xi Jinping has
attempted to steer a “neutral” course that preserves the partnership
with Russia while protecting China’s global interests. This balancing
act will become harder to sustain as the war in Ukraine drags on.
Beijing’s default position is still to lean towards Moscow. For both
sides, the partnership is too important to fail. But over time, its
quality will erode. As China and Russia follow different trajectories of
development, the commonalities between them will become fewer. The
relationship will become increasingly unequal and dysfunctional, and be
defined principally by its constraints... |
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Lowy |
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China’s Messaging on the Ukraine Conflict, May 2022.
In the early days of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine,
social media posts by Chinese diplomats on US platforms almost
exclusively blamed the US, NATO and the West for the conflict. Chinese
diplomats amplified Russian disinformation about US biological weapon
labs in Ukraine, linking this narrative with conspiracy theories about
the origins of COVID-19. Chinese state media mirrored these narratives,
as well as replicating the Kremlin’s language describing the invasion as
a ‘special military operation’. ASPI found
that China’s diplomatic messaging was distributed in multiple languages,
with its framing tailored to different regions. In the early stage of
the conflict, tweets about Ukraine by Chinese diplomats performed better
than unrelated content, particularly when the content attacked or blamed
the West. ASPI’s research suggests that, in terms of its international
facing propaganda, the Russia–Ukraine conflict initially offered the
party-state’s international-facing propaganda system an opportunity to
reassert enduring preoccupations that the Chinese Communist Party
perceives as fundamental to its political security... |
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ASPI |
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The Transnational Element of a ‘Domestic’ Problem: Policy Solutions to
Countering Right-Wing Violent Extremism in Australia, May 2022.
The rise of right-wing violent extremist (RWE) ideas bursts to the
forefront of public attention in flashes of violence. Shootings and
vehicular attacks perpetrated by individuals motivated by hateful views
stun the public. They have also sharpened government attention to and
galvanised action on addressing such violence. These incidents of
violence and these disturbing trends call for renewed vigilance in
confronting RWE, which ASIO has since classified as ‘ideologically
motivated violent extremism’ (IMVE), in Australia’s security agencies’
policy and law enforcement responses. As governments respond to IMVE, it
is important to nuance how they conceptualise the challenges posed by
RWE and, therefore, scope their solutions... |
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ASPI |
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AUKUS Update #1: May 2022.
On the 16th of September 2021, the leaders of Australia, the UK and the
US announced the creation of a new trilateral security partnership
called ‘AUKUS’—Australia, the United Kingdom and the United States. The
three national leaders stated, ‘We will foster deeper integration of
security and defense-related science, technology, industrial bases, and
supply chains. And in particular, we will significantly deepen
cooperation on a range of security and defense capabilities.’ At a time
of rapidly increasing strategic uncertainty, when it’s increasingly
clear that authoritarian regimes are willing to use military power to
achieve their goals, it’s important to monitor the implementation of
AUKUS so that governments and the public can assess whether it’s
achieving the goal of accelerating the fielding of crucial military
technologies... |
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ASPI |
 |
Understanding the Price of Military Equipment, May 2022.
Confusion reigns in discussions about the cost of the Department of
Defence’s equipment projects. Whether we’re talking about media
articles, parliamentary committee hearings, letters to the editor,
duelling internet commentators or any other forms of discourse that
address Defence acquisitions, the only thing that’s clear is that we’re
almost always talking past each other when it comes to the cost of
military equipment. Defence doesn’t help when it releases only a bare
minimum of information. This sorry state of affairs reached its peak
several years ago, when it turned out that when Defence said that the
cost of the Attack-class submarine was $50 billion it really meant that
the cost was somewhere around $90 billion. The situation gets even
murkier when commentators compare the cost of military acquisition
projects here in Australia with ones overseas. It’s very rare that we
can make a direct, apples-to-apples comparison between local and
overseas projects, and very often it’s more like apples-to-orangutans.
Being completely unaware of the basis of the costs they’re comparing
doesn’t stop some commentators from making strong claims about the
rapacity of foreign arms companies or the competence of the Australian
Defence Department... |
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ASPI |
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India and the Persian Gulf: Bilateralism, Regional Security
and the China Factor, May 2022.
This issue brief discusses how regional security in the
Persian Gulf is vital for the international oil and gas
market, and maritime security in the western Indian Ocean.
For India, the region is additionally significant for the
presence of its large expatriate population in the GCC and
as an “extended neighborhood.” For three decades, India’s
policy towards the Gulf and wider West Asia/Middle East
region has been marked by bilateralism within the broader
framework of a multi-aligned foreign policy. India eschews
taking sides in regional disputes as it can harm its primary
interests pertaining to trade, commerce, business, security
and
defense cooperation. However, the developments in the
Indo-Pacific, deterioration of Sino Indian relations, the
expansion of China threat perception to western Indian
Ocean, and the convergence on the China factor with the US
and European countries is pushing India to recalibrate its
regional approach as noticeable from three recent events. |
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ISDP |
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South Korea’s Foreign Policy in Changing Times: Reversing
Course? May 2022.
The tragedy currently unfolding in Ukraine may be a symptom
of new dynamics in global geopolitics. The changing balance
of power epitomized by the rise of China and the shrinking
American interest and resolve in asserting its traditional
global role has emboldened Putin’s ambition to restore the
past glory of the Russian empire. The same dynamics have
also made geopolitics acuter in East Asia, from which South
Korea can never be free. The COVID-19 pandemic since 2020
has only accelerated the competitive nature of international
power dynamics. Faced with the broader shift in world order,
how will South Korea’s foreign policy under the new
government unfold? This policy brief attempts to explain the
main objectives of the incoming government’s foreign policy
and how these might be implemented. In so doing, it
evaluates the new government’s view of the past five years
of South Korean foreign policy under outgoing President Moon
Jae-in – a policy which it seeks in part to reverse. |
|
ISDP |
 |
Trends in
Southeast Asia 2022 #9: Financial Technology Adoption in
Greater Jakarta: Patterns, Constraints and Enablers.
The COVID-19 pandemic has arguably accelerated changes in
consumer behaviour, leading to more people performing
economic activities online. One important change is the
adoption of fintech as a preferred transaction and payment
method. This trend is driven by a significant proportion of
the unbanked population and the lower-income segment in
urban areas. New fintech start-ups such as ShopeePay
(E-wallet), Shopee Paylater (Buy Now Pay Later or BNPL) and
Kredivo (Online Lending Service) and Bibit (Mutual Fund
Invesment) have all introduced innovative ways to offer
online financial services in Indonesia’s rapidly growing
digital economy. Fintech enterprises offering E-wallet, BNPL,
Online Lending... |
|
ISEAS |
 |
Trends in
Southeast Asia 2022 #8: Understanding and Reducing Methane
Emissions in Southeast Asia.
The Global Methane Pledge was ratified at the end of 2021.
While intense discussion of its significance dominated the
climate discourse in North America and Europe, the reception
of the Pledge in Southeast Asia was lukewarm. This paper
aims to help the policy community understand four major
aspects concerning methane emissions: basic science, global
ambition, regional trends, and sector challenges. In 1990,
the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
published its First Assessment Report, in which scientists
stated with certainty that human-caused greenhouse gases
were accumulating in the atmosphere. One of these
significant gases was methane. Since then, global methane
emissions have increased by 17.4 per cent, reaching 8.3
billion tCO2e in 2018... |
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ISEAS |
 |
Monetary
Authority of Singapore: Macroeconomic Review, Volume XXI,
Issue 1, April 2022 (Full
Report):
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MAS |
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Latest APEC publications:
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APEC |
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Latest ADB Working Paper Series:
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ADB |
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Latest ADBI Working Paper Series:
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ADB |
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Latest ADB Publications:
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Making Urban Power Distribution Systems Climate-Resilient,
May 2022
-
Climate Change Risk Profile of the Mountain Region in Sri
Lanka, May 2022
-
Labor Migration in Asia: COVID-19 Impacts, Challenges, and
Policy Responses, May 2022
-
National Single Window: Guidance Note, May 2022
-
A Comparative Analysis of Tax Administration in Asia and the
Pacific: Fifth Edition, Published 2022
-
Harnessing the Potential of Big Data in Post-Pandemic
Southeast Asia, May 2022
-
Strengthening Domestic Resource Mobilization in Southeast
Asia, May 2022
-
Supporting Post-COVID-19 Economic Recovery in Southeast
Asia, May 2022
-
Implementing a Green Recovery in Southeast Asia, May 2022
-
Foundational (K-12) Education System: Navigating 21st
Century Challenges, May 2022
-
Launching a Digital Tax Administration Transformation: What
You Need to Know, May 2022
-
The Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement: A
New Paradigm in Asian Regional Cooperation? May 2022
-
Policy Measures to Foster Growth in the People's Republic of
China (Observations and Suggestions, April 2022
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ADB |
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May, 2022 |
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High
Frequency Macroeconomic Forecasts Current Quarter Model:
2022Q2, April 2022. Underpinned by vibrant consumer
confidence and employment condition, Hong Kong economy
experienced a robust growth of 6.4% in 2021. However,
tight social distancing measures brought by COVID- 19
Omicron variant eroded Hong Kong’s output growth in
22Q1. Consumer sentiment was heavily dampened with
retail sales volume dropping by 17.6% in February 2022.
Hong Kong’s real GDP is estimated to drop by 2.9% in
22Q1, reflecting the impact of the disruption from the
epidemic. The unemployment rate climbed to 5.0% in 22Q1
from 3.9% in 21Q4. As the relaxation of
infection-control measures comes into effect,
unemployment rate is expected to go down to 4.4% in
22Q2. With the Omicron epidemic still unfolding in
various cities in Mainland China, Hong Kong’s economic
growth is expected to be mild. Hong Kong’s real GDP is
forecast to grow by 0.9% in 22Q2. Despite a challenging
global environment due to the coronavirus and war in
Ukraine, the Hong Kong economy is expected to manage a
mild growth of 1.6% to 2.6% in the year 2022 as a
whole... |
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HKU |
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Tesla
Goes to China, April 2022. Over the past decade, Tesla has
been one of the most successful American companies in the US’s
electric vehicle (EV) industry. Not satisfied with dominating
the US market, the company turned in 2014 to China to expand its
vehicle sales. There, Tesla entered a market with a mix of
privately owned companies, joint ventures, and state-owned
manufacturers, all operating since 2009 with government support.
Indeed, in China, as it did in the United States, Tesla has
benefitted greatly from both central and local government
subsidies to EV manufacturers and customers. In 2020, China was
reported to be the fastest growing market for Tesla, whose new
manufacturing base in Shanghai made its vehicles more cost
competitive. With China’s government mandating that by 2030, 40
percent of all vehicle sales should be EVs, the future seems
bright. But challenges include planned changes in
government-supported incentives. |
|
EWC |
 |
Being Chinese in Australia Poll, April 2022.
Australia is home to more than 1.2 million Chinese-Australians, some 5%
of the Australian population, many of whom report being uniquely
affected by the country’s fraught relationship with China, the foreign
interference debate and the Covid-19 pandemic. The second Lowy
Institute’s Being Chinese in Australia poll, published a year since the
first survey, is based on fieldwork carried out in late 2021. It reveals
that many Chinese-Australians continue to face discrimination and
negative treatment in Australia. One in three respondents reports having
been treated differently or less favourably in 2021 because of their
Chinese heritage. Most Chinese-Australians identify strongly with both
countries and cultures. The vast majority take pride in the Australian
way of life and culture, though this sentiment is down from 2020.
Similarly, affinities with China have also dropped... |
|
Lowy |
 |
Charting Their Own Course - How Indonesians See The World, April 2022.
With Indonesia seeking to play a larger role on the global stage, and
many outside powers hoping to woo Southeast Asia’s largest country,
there is a pressing need to better understand how its people see the
world and themselves in a changing international environment. The
Indonesia Poll 2021 — Charting their own course, conducted a decade
after the Lowy Institute’s last poll in the country, is based on
fieldwork carried out in December 2021. The survey consists of a
nationally representative sample of some 3000 Indonesians aged 17 to 65
across 33 provinces of Indonesia. The polling results reveal that the
citizens of the world’s third most populous democracy are optimistic
about the future but wary of the great powers that are seeking to court
them. They are increasingly sceptical about China, and particularly of
Chinese investment, but neither are they overly enthusiastic about the
United States... |
|
Lowy |
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Building Genuine Trust: A Framework and Strategy for Indigenous Stem and
Cyber Pathways, April 2022.
Indigenous recruitment and retention in the Australian Defence
organisation is defined by a high target of 5% participation in the
armed services and 3% in the Australian Public Service component of the
Defence Department by 2025. The participation target is a point of pride
and a source of clear goodwill and has provided momentum in several
areas of Defence for Indigenous employment and pathways. However, the
individual areas of success and effort are yet to translate into an
effective whole-of-Defence framework with cohesive lines of effort. This
policy report suggests how that can change. It provides a framework and
strategy for Defence to support science, technology, engineering and
mathematics (STEM) recruitment and retention and cybersecurity careers,
particularly through engagement with the vocational education and
training system and through targeted relationship building with
university- and school-based Indigenous STEM initiatives... |
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ASPI |
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The Hunter Frigate: An Assessment, April 2022.
Powerful and survivable large surface combatants, in numbers
commensurate with the expected threat and national budgetary
limitations, remain central in the order of battle of any navy of a
middle-power such as Australia, but they need to be fit for purpose.
Australia’s government policy has acknowledged deteriorating
geostrategic circumstances since 2009, culminating in its 2020 Strategic
Update where we are not left in any doubt of the concern over China’s
intentions and a stretched United States. The warships Australia
acquires should be suitable for the circumstances it finds itself in... |
|
ASPI |
 |
Artificial Intelligence: Your Questions Answered, April 2022. This
collection of short papers developed by the Australian Institute for
Machine Learning (AIML) at the University of Adelaide and the Australian
Strategic Policy Institute (ASPI) offers a refreshing primer into the
world of artificial intelligence and the opportunities and risks this
technology presents to Australia. AI’s potential role in enhancing
Australia’s defence capabilities, strengthening alliances and deterring
those who would seek to harm our interests was significantly enhanced as
a result of the September 2021 announcement of the AUKUS partnership
between the US, the UK and Australia. Perhaps not surprisingly, much
public attention on AUKUS has focused on developing a plan ‘identifying
the optimal pathway to deliver at least eight nuclear-powered submarines
for Australia’... |
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ASPI |
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Artificial Intelligence and Policing in Australia, April 2022. Ability
and capacity to screen, analyse and render insights from the
ever-increasing volume of data—and to do so in accordance with the
constraints on access to and use of personal information within our
democratic system. Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning are
presenting valuable solutions to the public and private sectors for
screening big and live data. AI is also commonly considered and marketed
as a solution that removes human bias, although AI algorithms and
dataset creation can also perpetuate human bias and so aren’t value or
error free. This report analyses limitations, both technical and
implementation... |
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ASPI |
 |
VAMPIRE VAMPIRE VAMPIRE: The PLA’s Anti-ship Cruise Missile Threat to
Australian and Allied Naval Operations, April 2022.
This report examines anti-ship cruise missiles (ASCM) possessed by the
People’s Liberation Army (PLA), which is China’s armed forces, and the
serious threat posed to Australian and allied naval forces operating in
the Indo-Pacific region. The PLA has spent over 20 years preparing to
fight and win wars against technologically advanced adversaries, such as
the United States and its allies. PLA preparations have included
long-term investments in various capabilities that would be needed to
facilitate and sustain ASCM strike operations, even whilst under heavy
attack from technologically advanced powers... |
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ASPI |
 |
A Case for Elevating the Cyber–Maritime Security Nexus, March 2022.
The Indo-Pacific strategic concepts promulgated by Japan (reaffirmed in
2016), the US (2017), Australia (2017), India (2018), Germany (2020),
the Netherlands (2020), the EU (2021), France (reaffirmed in 2021), the
UK (2021) and others demonstrate the region’s geostrategic significance.
While the various concepts differ significantly in scope, essence and
strategy, they share one commonality: the idea of connected oceans in
which Southeast Asian nations sit at the heart and form the epicentre of
great-power competition that has come to define the Indo-Pacific. The
region has become a ‘crowded space’ as the long-term and newer actors
increase various engagement initiatives... |
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ASPI |
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ASEAN’s
Newer Member Countries in Two Financial Crises: Impact,
Response and Lessons, April 2022.
ASEAN has been through two major financial crises in the
last quarter century: the 1997-98 Asian Financial Crisis
(AFC) and the 2008-09 Global Financial Crisis (GFC).
Although there is a voluminous literature covering the
original five members, it has largely ignored the newer
members – Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Lao PDR, Myanmar and
Vietnam (BCLMV). For the first time, a systematic analysis
of the experience of the newer members of ASEAN relating to
the AFC and the GFC focusing on impact, policy response and
lessons is provided. Their participation in regional
financial cooperation initiatives in helping prevent or
mitigate the impact of future crises, and how these
initiatives need to be enhanced to better serve them is also
considered. |
|
ISEAS |
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Latest APEC publications:
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Stepping Outside the Shadows: Informality and
Digitalisation, April 2022 Implementation within the APEC
Region, February 2022
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Improving Transparency of Pre-packaged Food Packaging and
Labelling Laws, Regulations and Best Practices: Conference
and Compendium, April 2022
-
Tourism Access and Inclusion: Best Practice Guidelines for
Tourism MSMEs in APEC, April 2022
-
Explore New-Normal Model of Trade Promotion in the Post
Pandemic Era, April 2022
-
APEC Capacity Building Workshop on Restructuring Women-Led
SMEs in Textile and Garment Industry in the New Era, April
2022
-
Stocktake of APEC Online Dispute Resolution Technologies,
April 2022
-
Policy Recommendations: Digital Permitting and E-Government
Measures to Advance the Post-COVID-19 Economic Recovery,
April 2022
-
APEC Workshop on University Collaboration to Support Data
Gathering and Analysis in Energy Efficiency and Renewable
Energy, April 2022
-
Public-Private Dialogue on Status, Trends, Opportunities and
Threats of Social Networks, April 2022
-
Workshop on Implementing the APEC ODR Collaborative
Framework, March 2022
-
Analysis and Pathway for Paperless Trade Report, March 2022
-
APEC Seafarers Excellence Network (APEC SEN) On-board
Training to Foster Competent Young Future Maritime Global
Leaders, March 2022
-
The Role of Integrated Distribution System Planning in
Maximizing Resiliency in the APEC Region, April 2022
-
Training Package: Gender Power in Online Marketing, March
2022
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APEC |
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Latest ADB Working Paper Series:
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ADB |
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Latest ADB Publications:
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ADB Annual Report 2021: Toward a Green and Inclusive
Recovery
-
ADB Financial Report 2021: Management’s Discussion and
Analysis and Annual Financial Statements
-
Asia Small and Medium-Sized Enterprise Monitor 2021: Volume
II—How Asia’s Small Businesses Survived A Year into the
COVID-19 Pandemic: Survey Evidence, April 2022
-
Asia Small and Medium-Sized Enterprise Monitor 2021: Volume
IV—Pilot SME Development Index: Applying Probabilistic
Principal Component Analysis, April 2022
-
Asia Small and Medium-Sized Enterprise Monitor 2021: Volume
III—Digitalizing Microfinance in Bangladesh: Findings from
the Baseline Survey, April 2022
-
An Analysis of the Product-Specific Rules of Origin of the
Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership, April 2022
-
Basic Statistics 2022
-
Disaster-Resilient Infrastructure: Unlocking Opportunities
for Asia and the Pacific, April 2022
-
Strengthening Environmental, Social, and Governance
Investment under COVID-19, April 2022
-
Modernizing Local Government Taxation in Indonesia, April
2022
-
CAREC 2030 Development Effectiveness Review (2017–2020),
April 2022
-
Compound Risk Analysis of Natural Hazards and Infectious
Disease Outbreaks, April 2022
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ADB |
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Asian Development Outlook 2022:
Mobilizing Taxes for Development,
Full Report,
Highlights,
Special Topic
and
Theme Chapter.
This report outlines economic prospects in developing Asia amid
global turbulence and lingering pandemic risks. It discusses the
implications of school closures and the invasion of Ukraine, and
explores mobilizing taxes for development. Developing Asia’s
outlook remains positive, with growth of 5.2% expected in 2022
and 5.3% in 2023. Downside risks include spillover from
geopolitical tensions, such as via higher-than-expected
commodity prices. The Russian invasion of Ukraine has upended
the global economic outlook and greatly amplified uncertainty
for a world economy still contending with COVID-19. Aggressive
monetary policy tightening in the United States could lead to
financial instability. In the medium term, scarring from the
pandemic poses significant risks, including learning losses from
continued school closures that could worsen economic
inequality... |
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ADB |
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April, 2022 |
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US Southeast Asia Policy: Towards A Balance of Commitment
Approach, March 2022. US commitment to Southeast Asia since
the end of the Vietnam War has been subject to a series of ebbs,
flows and imbalances, with policymakers struggling to sustain
increased and calibrated commitment to the region as evidenced
by the growing securitization of US policy in the post-September
11 period or the under resourcing of components of the US pivot
to Asia in the post-2007-2008 Global Financial Crisis period. A
balance of commitment approach in US Southeast Asia policy can
help policymakers be more attentive to both the
interrelationships between power, threats and resources shaping
decisions in the US domestic political system and the careful
calibrations of components in commitment level and distribution
in Southeast Asia required to sustain an expanded, balanced
approach that serves US interests and meets regional needs... |
|
EWC |
 |
Revising Down the Rise of China, March 2022.
The future of China’s ongoing global rise is of great importance to both
China and the rest of the world. Predicting long-term economic
performance is inherently difficult and open to debate. Nonetheless, we
show that substantial long-term growth deceleration is the likely future
for China given the legacy effects of its uniquely draconian past
population policies, reliance on investment-driven growth, and slowing
productivity growth. Even assuming continued broad policy success, our
projections suggest growth will slow sharply to roughly 3% a year by
2030 and 2–3% a year on average over the three decades to 2050. Growing
faster, up to say 5% a year to 2050, is notionally possible given China
remains well below the global productivity frontier. However, we also
show that the prospect of doing so is well beyond China’s track record
in delivering productivity-enhancing reform, and therefore well beyond
its likely trajectory. China also faces considerable downside risks.
Our projections imply... |
|
Lowy |
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Understanding Global Disinformation and Information Operations: Insights
From Aspi’s New Analytic Website, March 2022.
ASPI’s Information Operations and Disinformation team has analysed each
of the data sets in Twitter’s Information Operations archive to provide
a longitudinal analysis of how each state’s willingness, capability and
intent has evolved over time. Our analysis demonstrates that there is a
proliferation of state actors willing to deploy information operations
targeting their own domestic populations, as well as those of their
adversaries. We find that Russia, Iran, Saudi Arabia, China and
Venezuela are the most prolific perpetrators. By making these complex
data sets available in accessible form ASPI is broadening meaningful
engagement on the challenge of state actor information operations and
disinformation campaigns for policymakers, civil society and the
international research community |
|
ASPI |
 |
Taking the Low Road: China’s Influence in Australian States and
Territories, February 2022.
In November 2020 a Chinese official passed a list of 14 grievances to
Australian journalists, highlighting what Beijing regarded as missteps
in the Australian government’s relations with China. A striking feature
of the list is that many concern Australian Government attempts to limit
Chinese engagement with the states and territories, or state-based
institutions such as universities. Why did state and territory relations
with China concern Canberra? This study explores the changing nature of
China’s engagement with Australian states and territories, local
governments, city councils, universities, research organisations and
non-government organisations, all nested in Australian civil society.
What emerges is the astonishing breadth and depth of China’s engagement,
much of it the welcome outcome of Australia’s economic and
people-to-people engagement with China over many decades... |
|
ASPI |
 |
Russian Federation and China: Cooperation under the Belt and
Road Initiative, March 2022.
This Issue Brief looks at six Sino-Russian projects that
have been placed under the rubric of the Belt and Road
Initiative (BRI). Since, at the political level, China is
rather flexible in defining what counts as a BRI project and
both Russian and Chinese media follow such flexibility,
there is a need for analysts to have a clearer picture of
what projects are exactly being counted under the BRI. This
Issue Brief shows that three of them — Yamal LNG, Asinovskiy
Timber Industry Park, and the Belkomur — actually date back
to before the birth of the BRI and were rebranded as BRI
projects. The other three projects, namely the MGP Power of
Siberia-1, Nizhneleninskoe-Tongjiang Railway Bridge, and the
Moscow-Kazan Expressway, were created after the BRI came
into being in 2013. |
|
ISDP |
 |
Trends in
Southeast Asia 2022 #7: Cyber Troops, Online Manipulation of
Public Opinion and Co-optation of Indonesia’s Cybersphere.
As the world’s third-largest democracy, Indonesia was once
touted as a role model for democratization in Southeast
Asia, especially after the reformist Joko Widodo (known as “Jokowi”)
was elected president in 2014. However, recent studies show
that Indonesia is becoming a “defective democracy”,
following a series of “democratic setbacks” since the second
half of Jokowi’s first term in office. A process of
democratic regression has been deepening since,4 if not
undergoing an all-out “authoritarian turn”. As Larry Diamond
states, one of the key signs of democratic regression is a
substantial decline of civil liberties. This has been
apparent in Indonesia. In its 2020 Democracy Index, the
Economist Intelligence Unit ranked Indonesia’s civil
liberties among the worst in ASEAN (below Malaysia, the
Philippines, Singapore and Thailand). Similarly, the
International Institute for Democracy and Electoral
Assistance found that the deterioration of civic space
indicates democratic backsliding in Indonesia. As Wijayanto
argues, a clear indicator of that are growing threats to
media freedom... |
|
ISEAS |
 |
MAS Survey of Professional Forecasters, March 2022.
The Mar 2022
Survey was sent out on 17 Feb 2022 to a total of 26 economists
and analysts who closely monitor the Singapore economy. This
report reflects the views received from 23 respondents (a
response rate of 88.5%) and does not represent MAS’ views or
forecasts. All responses were received after the outbreak of
hostilities in Ukraine on 24 Feb. The Singapore economy expanded
by 6.1% in Q4 2021 compared with the same period last year. This
was higher than the respondents’ forecast of 4.6% in the
previous survey. In the current survey, the respondents expect
the economy to grow by 3.7% year-on-year in Q1 2022... |
|
MAS |
 |
Latest APEC publications:
-
APEC Workshop on Evaluating Energy Technologies, Programs
and Policies, February 2022
-
APEC Gender-Mainstreaming Training Package: Mentor's
Handbook, Published 2022
-
APEC Gender-Mainstreaming Training Package: Mentee's
Handbook, Published 2022
-
APEC Guiding Principles for Research Integrity, Published
2022
-
Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM): Best
Practices, Norms and their Implementation within the APEC
Region, February 2022
-
Unpaid Care and Domestic Work: Counting the Costs, March
2022
-
Final Report on 2021 APEC Workshop on the Potential for Use
of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) in the Field of IPR,
March 2022
-
Summary Report of APEC Economies’ Digital Policy Measures to
Combat COVID-19, March 2022
-
Reducing Food Loss and Waste along the Food Value Chain in
APEC during and post-COVID-19 Pandemic, March 2022
-
APEC Best Practices on Developing Services-related
Statistics in Mode 3, March 2022
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Empowering Change: APEC’s Web-based Gender Analysis Tool,
March 2022
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Digital Advertising Guide: Recommendations on Advertising
Standards in the Digital Economy, March 2022
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APEC Capacity Building Workshop on RTA/FTA Negotiation
Skills on Transparency, March 2022
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Competition Law and Regulation in Digital Markets, March
2022
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The Principles on Women Builders Creating Inclusive Future,
Published 2022
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APEC Women Builders Creating Inclusive Future, Published
2022
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Enhancing Implementation of APEC Connectivity Blueprint in
the Digital Era: Digital Connectivity for Stronger Recovery,
March 2022
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Handbook on Developing Community-Based Entrepreneurship
(CBE) in Rural Tourism through Digital Empowerment,
Published 2022
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APEC |
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Latest ADB Publications:
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Mitigating Energy Shortages in the People’s Republic of
China, March 2022
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Taxation of Robots, Published 2022
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Provincial Facilitation for Investment and Trade Index:
Measuring Economic Governance for Business Development in
the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, March 2022
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Provincial Facilitation for Investment and Trade Index:
Gender Analysis for Measuring Economic Governance for
Business Development in the Lao People’s Democratic
Republic, March 2022
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ADB Southeast Asia Innovation Hub: Catalyzing Green and
Innovative Finance, March 2022
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Building Forward Together: Towards an Inclusive and
Resilient Asia and the Pacific, Published 2022
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COVID-19 and the Future of Tourism in Asia and the Pacific,
March 2022
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COVID-19 and Economic Recovery Potential in the CAREC
Region, Published 2022
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Good Practice Guidance for the Management and Control of
Asbestos: Protecting Workplaces and Communities from
Asbestos Exposure Risks, March 2022
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From Pandemic to Greater Resilience: Enhancing Disaster Risk
Financing in the People’s Republic of China, March 2022
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E-commerce in CAREC Countries: Infrastructure Development,
March 2022
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Fintech Policy Tool Kit for Regulators and Policy Makers in
Asia and the Pacific, March 2022
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Air Quality in Asia: Why Is It Important, and What Can We
Do? Published 2022
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Southeast Asia Rising from the Pandemic, March 2022
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Digitalizing H2O: Digitalizing for Water Security and
Resilience in Asia and the Pacific, Published 2022
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Addressing Nutrition Security in Urban India tAddressing
Nutrition Security in Urban India through Multisectoral
Action, February 2020
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ADB |
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Latest ADBI Working Paper Series:
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ADB |
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Latest ADB Working Paper Series:
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ADB |
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Asian Development Review, Vol.
39,
No. 1, 2022 (Full
Report):
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ADB |
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Asian Development Review, Vol.
38,
No. 2, 2021 (Full
Report):
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ADB |
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Asia Bond Monitor, March 2022.
Monetary stances in emerging East Asia remain largely accommodative.
While the improving economic performance and rising inflation in
advanced economies has led to adjustments in their monetary policies,
most central banks in emerging East Asia maintained accommodative
monetary policies, even as some regional markets, such as the Republic
of Korea and Singapore, tightened their monetary stances due to
inflationary pressure. Ample liquidity supported regional financial
conditions during the review period from 30 November 2021 to 9 March
2022, with some weakening signs related to the United States (US)
Federal Reserve’s tapering and its signaling of monetary tightening, and
the Russian Federation’s (Russia) invasion of Ukraine... |
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ADB |
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March, 2022 |
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The Geopolitics of Climate and Security in the Indo-Pacific, February
2022.
Climate change is much more than an environmental crisis—it’s a systemic
crisis that will transform the geopolitical landscape. And the
consequences for the Indo-Pacific, already the most exposed region in
the world to climate hazards and home to the world’s fastest growing
populations, economies and geopolitical rivalries, will be profound. In
this volume, leading experts explore the impacts of this rapidly
emerging climate threat on regional systems by interrogating a 1.5°C
2035 climate change scenario developed by the ASPI Climate and Security
Policy Centre. The chapters here attempt to understand the unpredictable
effects of climate change on the region’s already fragile human systems,
from great-power competition and militaries, governance and politics,
food and water insecurity, and ethnic separatism, to energy and trade
systems, sovereign risk and digital disinformation... |
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ASPI |
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The Future of Assistance to Law Enforcement in an End-To-End Encrypted
World, February 2022.
Domestic telecommunications companies assist law enforcement by the
lawful interception of otherwise private communications when presented
with a valid warrant. This has been a powerful tool to combat crime. In
the 2019–20 financial year, for example, 3,677 new warrants for
telecommunications interception were issued, and information gained
through interception warrants was used in 2,685 arrests, 5,219
prosecutions and 2,652 convictions. That was in the context of 43,189
custodial sentences in the same year. But law enforcement and security
officials assert that the usefulness of ‘exceptional access’, as it’s
called in this paper, has declined over time as strong encryption has
become increasingly common... |
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ASPI |
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Meeting Antarctica’s Diplomatic Challenges: Joint Approaches for
Australia and the United States, February 2022.
This report describes current security and environmental policy
challenges related to Antarctica and proposes options for Australia and
the United States to address them. It assesses the current and potential
future actions of strategic competitors like China and Russia, and
proposes policy responses. It suggests ways in which the US and
Australian governments can work more closely to protect and promote the
Antarctic Treaty System (ATS), advancing support for an approach to
governance that the two nations have felt for decades is in their
respective national interests. This requires both countries (as well as
others) to make a clear-eyed assessment of current and future fault
lines and move more quickly to address political and environmental
challenges that have implications well beyond Antarctica. In particular,
this involves determining when it’s necessary to counter the ambitions
of strategic competitors, such as China and Russia, in the Antarctic
context, and when cooperation may be the more appropriate objective... |
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ASPI |
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Taking the Low Road: China’s Influence in Australian States and
Territories, February 2022.
In November 2020 a Chinese official passed a list of 14 grievances to
Australian journalists, highlighting what Beijing regarded as missteps
in the Australian government’s relations with China. A striking feature
of the list is that many concern Australian Government attempts to limit
Chinese engagement with the states and territories, or state-based
institutions such as universities. Why did state and territory relations
with China concern Canberra? This study explores the changing nature of
China’s engagement with Australian states and territories, local
governments, city councils, universities, research organisations and
non-government organisations, all nested in Australian civil society.
What emerges is the astonishing breadth and depth of China’s engagement,
much of it the welcome outcome of Australia’s economic and
people-to-people engagement with China over many decades. But it’s
equally apparent that China has made covert attempts to influence some
politicians and overt attempts to engage states, territories and key
institutions in ways that challenge federal government prerogatives and
have brought the two levels of government into sharp public dispute... |
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ASPI |
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The Costs of Discounted Diplomacy, February 2022.
This report outlines how and why Australia has under-appreciated
diplomacy and under-invested in diplomatic capability—and why things
should change. The prominence of deterrence, alliances and border
controls in Australian security thinking has pushed diplomacy into the
shadows. Over the last twenty years, Australian governments, sensibly,
have invested massively in defence, intelligence and border control.
Over the same period, though, the operating budget for DFAT’s foreign
policy and diplomatic work, has been cut by 9 per cent. In a more
contested and multipolar international environment, lightweight
diplomacy reflects lightweight thinking. Australia will be safer,
richer, better regarded and more self-respecting if our diplomatic
influence is enlarged, not if it remains stunted... |
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ASPI |
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Digital Southeast Asia, February 2022.
Covid-19 and the subsequent public-health responses have disrupted
social and economic lives across the globe. Fiscal support measures may
have alleviated the initial fallout in some places, but one of the
bigger shocks has been the accelerated adoption and integration of and
reliance on digital technologies. While this is a positive contribution
towards digital development, it has also accentuated the already large
gap between those able to adopt digital technologies and those without
sufficient means to do so. For the many fragile democracies in the
Indo-Pacific, this is creating conditions that could undermine
democratic resilience. A central question for these democratic
governments is how to drive accelerating digital transformation and ICT-enabled
growth towards poverty reduction, sustainable economic growth and
building social cohesion while maintaining resilience to cybersecurity
threats... |
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ASPI |
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Agenda for Change 2022: Shaping a Different Future for Our Nation,
February 2022.
In line with previous Agenda for Change publications from 2016 and 2019,
this piece is being released in anticipation of a federal election as a
guide for the next government within its first months and over the full
term. Our 2022 agenda acknowledges that an economically prosperous and
socially cohesive Australia is a secure and resilient Australia. ASPI’s
Agenda for change 2019: strategic choices for the next government did,
to a great extent, imagine a number of those challenges, including in
Peter Jennings’ chapter on ‘The big strategic issues’. But a lot has
changed since 2019. It was hard to imagine the dislocating impacts of
the Black Summer fires, Covid-19 in 2020 and then the Delta and Omicron
strains in 2021, trade coercion from an increasingly hostile China, or
the increasingly uncertain security environment. Fast forward to today
and that also applies to the policies and programs we need to position
us in a more uncertain and increasingly dangerous world... |
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ASPI |
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Big Data and National Security: A Guide for Australian Policymakers,
February 2022.
Big data has created a complex new information and infrastructure
landscape. Big tech companies that have capitalised on its three core
features — data abundance, digital connectivity, and ubiquitous
technology — are the new oligarchies and are increasingly controlling
the capabilities essential for a functioning society. Big data has
profound impacts on society. It enables everything from access to
knowledge and global communication, to delivery of services and
infrastructure. However, big data is exacerbating existing national
security threats and creating new and unpredictable ones. It can be
weaponised for war, providing information dominance and kinetic
targeting capability. Big data has the capacity to enable or eliminate
the barriers of entry for surveillance and oppression. It drives
information warfare as well as social and political interference... |
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Lowy |
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Drug Trafficking in the Pacific Islands: The Impact of Transnational
Crime, February 2022.
Transnational crime[1] — specifically drug production and trafficking —
is one of the most serious security issues facing the Pacific Islands
region. Methamphetamine, heroin, and cocaine trafficking is on the rise.
The Pacific Islands have become a production site and trafficking
destination as well as trafficking thoroughfare, and indigenous/local
crime syndicates now work in partnership with transnational crime
syndicates. The criminal deportee policies of Australia, the United
States, and New Zealand are contributing to the problem, as is the
Covid-19 pandemic, by exacerbating the vulnerabilities on which
transnational organisations and local crime actors capitalise. The
Pacific and its partners have responded by strengthening regional
policing architecture and governance through enhanced law enforcement
mechanisms, but challenges remain as the illicit drug trade adapts and
takes root in the region. |
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Lowy |
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Collective Self-Defense Against Authoritarianism: Lessons
for EU, February 2022.
Economic coercion and disinformation have been a clear
factor in Europe’s ties with both China and Russia. They are
part of the reactionary policy used by authoritarian regimes
to undermine liberal democracies and strengthen their
influence. China’s sanctions on European countries and
Russia’s pressure on Ukraine and other former Soviet
territories present serious threats to Europe. The boycott
of Lithuanian goods by China following Lithuania’s decision
to allow a representative office under the name of Taiwan
instead of Chinese Taipei demonstrated the severe impact
that China can have on the EU Single Market... |
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ISDP |
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What Will Be the India-ROK Trajectory Post 2022 Presidential
Elections? February 2022.
As Moon Jae-in moves towards the end of his presidency, his
legacy in the foreign policy domain consists most
prominently of his administration’s New Southern Policy (NSP)
Plus, which comes as a strategy to bolster ties with ASEAN
and India as a way to shift the peace dynamics in the region
and sustain peace and stability in the Korean Peninsula.
Since 2018, India and South Korea have seen great momentum
in both defense and economic domains. With a change in guard
in the Blue House, this paper looks at how the NSP and
India-South Korea ties will fare under the new leadership... |
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ISDP |
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Between Bandits and Bureaucrats: 30 Years of Parliamentary
Development in Kyrgyzstan, January 2022.
In 2010, Kyrgyzstan took a decisive step towards
establishing a parliamentary form of government. A decade
later, the parliamentary experiment had, at least for the
time being, come to an end; in January 2021, the Kyrgyz
electorate approved the return to a presidential form of
government, and in May 2021, a new presidentialist
constitution was adopted. To understand, the role and powers
of Kyrgyzstan’s parliament, unparalleled in the Central
Asian region as well as in most other post-Soviet countries,
this study details the evolution of this particular
political institution over the past 30 years... |
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ISDP |
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Future Defence Policy Regarding the Emergence of New
Military Technology Threats, January 2022.
The ability to combine technological advancements with new
policies and doctrines is vital for national security. Being
able to organize, equip, train, and deploy forces to
effectively deal with new challenges requires more than
simply introducing new high-tech equipment into existing
structures. In the current security environment, innovations
ranging from artificial intelligence, to increasingly
sophisticated autonomous drones, to space-based weapon
system are forcing planners and analysts to constantly
reevaluate their calculations. This report was written on
behalf of the Korea’s Association for International Security
and Cooperation (AISAC) and first presented at the
International Seminar on “New Security Threats and
International Peace Cooperation”, in Seoul on Oct 14. 2021. |
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ISDP |
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North Korea and the Role of Science Diplomacy, January 2022.
This study analyzes education, science, and technology
initiatives as a potential bridge toward peace on the Korean
Peninsula by asking what the potential impact of education
and science in diplomacy with North Korea is and what
problems these initiatives face. Science diplomacy with
North Korea has been on the rise since the country began to
open itself to the international community in the mid-1990s,
despite periodic tensions and sanctions limiting such
activities in more recent years. This paper explores the
main facets of science diplomacy (educational exchanges,
knowledge transfer, information, and technology provisions)
as a potential entry point, perhaps less sensitive to
political vagaries, to start joint projects and foster
relations between South Korea and the U.S. with North Korea. |
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ISDP |
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Trends in
Southeast Asia 2022 #6: Religious Extremism in Major
Campuses in Indonesia.
Religious extremism among university students remains a
cause for concern for Indonesian government officials,
including President Joko Widodo. The president spoke
publicly at least twice on the threat of religiously
extremist groups that target university students for
recruitment. On 13 September 2021, during a meeting with the
Indonesian Rectors’ Council, the president reminded
university rectors to remain vigilant against individuals or
groups that introduce and inculcate extremist ideas among
students... |
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ISEAS |
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Trends in
Southeast Asia 2022 #5: A Study of Vietnam’s Control over
Online Anti-state Content.
The authorities in Vietnam have never ceased to fret over
“toxic content” (nội dung xấu độc) on the Internet; and
indeed the definition of “toxic content” has shifted over
the years. In the 1990s, “toxic content” was mostly
associated with pornography. In December 1996, for example,
in order to convince the authorities to allow for the
arrival of the Internet in Vietnam, its advocates reportedly
had to prove to Vietnam’s top leaders that pornographic
websites could be effectively blocked... |
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ISEAS |
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Trends in
Southeast Asia 2022 #4: “Building a Sailboat in a Storm”:
The Evolution of COVAX in 2021 and Its Impact on Supplies to
Southeast Asia’s Six Lower-Income Economies.
As it became increasingly evident that vaccines would be
central to the recovery from the global pandemic, the
COVID-19 Vaccines Global Access (COVAX) Facility was created
to ensure equitable access to COVID-19 vaccines, especially
for poorer countries. However, the erratic and delayed COVAX
shipments in the first half of 2021 led to doubts about the
Facility’s ability to fulfil its pledge of securing and
delivering 2 billion doses by the end of the year. In June,
the Malaysian vaccine minister Khairy Jamaluddin derided it
as an “abysmal failure”... |
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ISEAS |
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Latest APEC publications:
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APEC Outcomes and Outlook 2021/2022
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2021 APEC Virtual Forum on Improving Cross-Border
Effectiveness of Personal Data Breach Notification Systems,
February 2022
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APEC Compendium of Best Practices: Mainstreaming Voluntary
Sustainability Standards (VSS) to Trade in the APEC Region,
February 2022
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Capacity Building Workshop on Improving the Utilization of
APEC Business Travel Card, February 2022
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APEC Stocktake of Carbon Pricing Initiatives, Published 2022
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APEC Workshop on Catalysing the Growth of Inclusive and
Sustainable Start-up Ecosystems, February 2022
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APEC Food Safety Risk Communication Framework and Associated
Guidelines, Published 2022
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APEC Regional Trends Analysis, February 2022 Update:
Multiple Headwinds Derail Recovery, February 2022
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Empowering Telehealth Solutions in APEC: Study on the Policy
Landscape for Telehealth in the APEC Region, December 2021
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Women’s Leadership in the Digital Era: Agility, Adaptability
and Fluency, January 2022
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APEC Workshop on Community-based Waste to Energy Management,
January 2022
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Accommodating Disruptive Technology into RE&EE Policies for
Energy Security, January 2022
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APEC Disaster Risk Management Strategies to Support MSMEs
Business Sustainability, January 2022
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APEC Workshop on Achieving Business Sustainability for Clean
Energy Start-ups, January 202221
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APEC Risk Management Guide for MSMEs, January 2022
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APEC Workshop on the Use of Pumped Storage Hydropower to
Enable Greater Renewable Energy Use and Reliable Electricity
Supply, January 2022
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APEC |
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Latest ADBI Working Paper Series:
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The
People's Republic of China's Digital Yuan: Its Environment,
Design, and Implications, February 2022
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COVID-19, Fintech, and the Recovery of Micro, Small, and
Medium-sized Enterprises: Evidence from Bangladesh, January
2022
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Impact of Energy Innovation on Greenhouse Gas Emissions:
Moderation of Regional Integration and Social Inequality in
Asian Economies, January 2022
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Nonbank Finance and Monetary Policy Transmission in Asia,
January 2022
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ADB |
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Latest ADB Working Paper Series:
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ADB |
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Latest ADB Publications:
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Inclusive Cities—Urban Area Guidelines, February 2022
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Nature-Based Solutions for Flood Risk Management:
Revitalizing Philippine Rivers to Boost Climate Resilience
and Enhance Environmental Stability, Published 2022
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Prospects for Transitioning from a Linear to Circular
Economy in Developing Asia, Published 2022
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Special Economic Zones in the Indonesia–Malaysia–Thailand
Growth Triangle: Opportunities for Collaboration, February
2022
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Asian Economic Integration Report 2022: Advancing Digital
Services Trade in Asia and the Pacific, February 2022
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The Role of the Private Sector in Pakistan’s School
Education, February 2022
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Access Challenges to Education in Pakistan, February 2022
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Supporting Lagging Students and Learning for All: Applying
the Diagnose-and-Supplement System of Basic Skills in the
Republic of Korea, February 2022
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COVID-19 and Overseas Filipino Workers: Return Migration and
Reintegration into the Home Country—the Philippine Case,
February 2022
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Economic Corridor Development in Pakistan: Concept,
Framework, and Case Studies, February 2022
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ADB |
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February, 2022 |
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China
and COVID-19: Alienation and Its Discontents, January 2022.
China’s responses to COVID-19 reveal an evolving dynamic of (a)
containment and control; (b) limited disclosure; and (c)
escalating resistance. These stand against a background of
historical grievance against the West and alienation from the
international health policy community exemplified by the United
States and its European allies with whom China has ongoing
disputes over trade, human rights, and security. China’s
COVID-19 response involves reaction to conflicting WHO themes of
modernization and colonialization that both invite and inhibit
participation by developing countries. Proclaiming support for
modernization in medical training, equipment, and services, the
PRC has also emphasized the role of Chinese Traditional
Medicine, while resisting WHO calls for disclosure of raw data,
lab records, and case files. China’s posture will require a
measure of accommodation in global efforts to contain the
pandemic and prepare for future outbreaks, combined with renewed
efforts to improve cooperation and transparency. |
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EWC |
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US-South Korea and the Philippines: Towards a Trilateral
Security Initiative, January 2022. It is possible for the
United States (US), the Republic of Korea (South Korea), and the
Republic of the Philippines (the Philippines) to pursue
increased trilateral security cooperation as the three countries
seek to respond to a more uncertain strategic environment in the
Indo-Pacific region. History and more recent developments offer
insights into the possibilities for such trilateral security
cooperation. The three states and their respective relationships
converged during the Korean War. During this conflict, all three
fought for the principles of democracy centered on freedom and
peaceful coexistence. The battle of Yultong is evidence that the
three states can face a common aggressor. Although wartime
cooperation did not result in a trilateral security agreement,
there are signs that the countries’ relationships with each
other have matured since the Korean War... |
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EWC |
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China’s Dilemmas in Bailing Out Debt-Ridden Sri Lanka, January
2022. To mark the 65th anniversary of bilateral diplomatic
relations, Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi met with President
Gotabaya Rajapaksa in Sri Lanka on 10 January 2022. The meeting
occurred amidst the rapid global transmission of the Omicron
virus, talk of Sri Lanka defaulting on its foreign debt
repayments, and an economic slowdown in China. Whether China
will bail out debt-ridden Sri Lanka or Sri Lanka should seek IMF
assistance are pressing policy questions. Sri Lanka had visible
macroeconomic imbalances before the Covid-19 pandemic, as
indicated by slowing growth, considerable fiscal and balance of
payments deficits, and high external debt. The pandemic and
strict containment measures caused an unprecedented economic
contraction with negative growth of -3.6% in 2020... |
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EWC |
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US-ROK Cooperation Can Improve IP Protection in Southeast Asia
by a Strategic Focus on Online Counterfeiting, January 2022.
One of the fastest-growing areas driving connectivity and
digital innovation in Southeast Asia is e-commerce. In parallel,
the sale of counterfeit goods online has become one of the
fastest-growing forms of intellectual property (IP)
infringement. Therefore, the sustainable continuation of the
region’s unprecedented e-commerce growth requires enhancing IP
protection as a legal means to support innovation and
rules-based digital trade. As innovation-based economies with
robust IP frameworks that have supported the growth of
world-renowned brands, both the United States and South Korea (ROK),
have an interest in backing strong IP protections across
Southeast Asia. The Association of Southeast Asian Nations
(ASEAN) is the fourth- and second-largest export market for the
United States and South Korea respectively... |
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EWC |
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Creating Smarter and More Sustainable Cities in Southeast Asia:
A Roadmap for United States-South Korea Cooperation, January
2022. Southeast Asia is considered one of the “world’s most
vulnerable” regions to climate change, according to the Asian
Development Bank. Consequently, the region has numerous sectoral
bodies and dialogue platforms dedicated to combatting the
problem. Yet the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
can still benefit from external capacity-building assistance.
Benefits are especially tangible for vanguard projects such as
smart cities, which aim to integrate digitalization and the
Internet of Things (IoT) to resolve waste management,
transportation, and other urban sustainability issues. As key
investors in ASEAN’s smart city initiatives, South Korea (ROK)
and the United States have helped address capacity shortfalls
through cross-regional private sector engagement. Apart from
economic prospects, smart city projects in ASEAN serve as a
critical juncture for the US Free and Open Indo-Pacific Strategy
and South Korea’s New Southern Policy Plus... |
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EWC |
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Northern Sovereign Maritime Sustainment, January 2022.
Maritime sustainment in Australia’s north presents far-reaching
opportunities and new challenges for the Department of Defence, industry
and local governments. Traditional Defence and industry models used in
Australia’s southern states have less utility in the north if they
aren’t adapted to the region’s unique economic context. As such, a
deeper understanding of industry capability in the north coupled with
greater collaboration and partnering is needed to overcome those
challenges and take advantage of the opportunities. In developing the
report, the authors consulted a wide range of stakeholders. They
included representatives from the Department of Defence, people
representing the interests of the state, territory and local governments
in northern Australia, port operators in Australia’s north, business
organisations and the defence industry. The report highlights
opportunities that could arise from improved collaboration between
Defence, local governments, defence industry and SMEs. This report has
again reinforced the need for the Australia government to articulate how
it will utilise northern Australia’s strategic geography as a strength
both now and in a future conflict if deterrence fails... |
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ASPI |
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Trends in
Southeast Asia 2022 #3: Communicating COVID-19 Effectively
in Malaysia: Challenges and Recommendations.
Malaysia first encountered COVID-19 in January 2020 and the
crisis has now dragged on for almost two years. Initially
lauded for the successful containment of the virus in early
2020, a combination of factors led to a sudden deterioration
in conditions. In early 2021, there was a sudden escalation
in infections and deaths which peaked in August. Today
COVID-19 is being cautiously treated as “endemic” and the
economy is slowly reopening given the decline in numbers
since August 2021.
For a population of about 32.7 million, positive infection
and death rates were relatively high. Total cumulative
infections and deaths as at 4 December 2021 stood at
2,643,620 cases and 30,538 deaths respectively... |
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ISEAS |
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Trends in
Southeast Asia 2022 #2: SME Responses to Climate Change in
Southeast Asia.
Climate change is not only one of the great challenges of
this century for governments and individuals; it is also a
major issue for the millions of micro-, small- and
medium-sized businesses (SMEs) that exist across Southeast
Asia. The current level of knowledge about the impact of
climate change on this sector is low. There are a number of
important questions for which more evidence is needed: Do
small business operators think climate change is an
important issue? How are SMEs in the region attempting to
reduce their emissions, if at all? What do they intend to do
in future to deal with a warming climate? What obstacles do
they face? And what effective assistance and advice are
needed for them to deal with the issue... |
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ISEAS |
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Trends in
Southeast Asia 2022 #1: Assessing the Benefits of the
ASEAN+6 Single Window for ASEAN Members.
The application of technology and innovation in
international trade procedures play an important role in
making trade simpler, cheaper, more resilient and
sustainable. One such initiative in ASEAN is the
establishment and implementation of the national single
window (NSW). The NSW is an electronic facility that allows
parties involved in international trade and transport to
submit all information needed to fulfil trade-related
regulatory requirements at once and at a single-entry point
(UNECE 2020). It enables traders and other economic
operators (e.g., transporters, logistics firms, freight
forwarders, customs brokers) to submit all information and
documents required by different border authorities (e.g.,
customs, trade and commerce, healthcare, agriculture,
standards) to one place or system, instead of making
multiple submissions to multiple places or systems. The key
benefits of NSW are time and cost savings for both the
public and private sectors. Trade information submitted to
the NSW can be exchanged or made accessible to all of the
relevant government authorities for processing (or be
processed by the single window system... |
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ISEAS |
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Politics in East Asia Today: Between Democracy, Debates, and
Discourse, January 2022.
On 9 & 10 September 2021, the Stockholm China Center at the
Institute for Security & Development Policy (ISDP) organized
the seminar “Politics in East Asia Today.” Thirteen scholars
from different countries representing different disciplines
and perspectives gave presentations on different aspects of
this broad topic and engaged in fruitful discussions. East
Asia showcases impressive economic growth and technological
innovations; at the same time, however, the region faces
serious potential conflicts and challenges to stability and
prosperity. In recent years, democracy and fundamental human
rights have suffered serious setbacks in East Asia, as in
many other parts of the world... |
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ISDP |
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Latest APEC publications:
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APEC |
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Latest ADB Publications:
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ADB |
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Impact of Tourism on Regional Economic Growth: A Global Value
Chain Perspective, January 2022.
International tourism was growing steadily before the COVID-19
pandemic. In Thailand, for example, international visitors
increased from 15.9 million in 2010 to 39.9 million in 2019 for
an average annual growth rate of 10.7%. Travel and tourism in
Thailand—the 8th largest global destination by visitor arrivals
and 4th in tourism receipts in 2019 (UN WTO 2020)—contributed to
19.7% of national gross domestic product (GDP) and generated
21.4% of employment (WTTC 2020). The economic impact of tourism
has been a popular topic in the literature since the 1980s
(Baster 1980)... |
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Latest ADBI Working Paper Series:
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January, 2022 |
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High
Frequency Macroeconomic Forecasts Current Quarter Model:
2022Q1, January 2022. Given the vibrant growth in
external trade, Hong Kong’s real GDP grew by 7.8% in the
first half of 2021. In the second half of 2021,
improving employment condition and introduction of the
government’s consumption voucher scheme provided impetus
to Hong Kong’s output growth. Hong Kong’s real GDP is
estimated to grow by 5.2% in 21Q4, slightly slower than
the 5.4% growth in 21Q3, reflecting a slowdown in global
trade. The unemployment rate experienced improvement in
2021, and is expected to further improve to 3.8% in 21Q4
from 6.8% in 21Q1. The labour market is forecast to
improve further. Unemployment is expected to drop to
3.5% in 22Q1. Uncertainties clouded by the increasing
threat of the Omicron variant and the global supply
chain disruption brought by the pandemic erode Hong
Kong’s consumer confidence. Hong Kong’s economic growth
is forecast to continue but at a slower pace. Hong
Kong’s GDP is expected to grow by 3.2% in 22Q1. For the
year 2022, Hong Kong is forecast to retain a modest
growth of 2.8% to 3.8%. |
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HKU |
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What Is AUKUS and What Is It Not? December 2021.
This new ASPI Insight sets out what AUKUS is—a technology accelerator
that’s’ about shifting the military balance in the Indo Pacific. Just as
importantly, it sets out what AUKUS it isn’t, to reset some of the
discussion that ahs made some assumptions here. AUKUS isn’t a new
alliance structure, a competitor to the W Quad between Australia, India,
Japan and the US, or a signal of decreased commitment to ASEAN forums by
the AUKUS members. And the Insight proposes some focus areas for
implementation of this new ‘minilateral’ technology accelerator,
including having a single empowered person in each nation charged with
implementation and ‘obstacle busting’. This is to break through the
institutional, political and corporate permafrost that has prevented
such rapid technological adoption by our militaries in recent decades.
As is the case with James Miller in the US, this person should report to
their national leader, not from inside the defence bureaucracies of the
three nations... |
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Implementing Australia’s Nuclear Submarine Program, December 2021.
On 16 September 2021, the Australian Government announced that it would
acquire a nuclear-powered submarine (SSN) capability with support from
the UK and the US as the first measure of business under the AUKUS
technology sharing partnership. At the same time, it announced that it
had established the Nuclear-Powered Submarine Taskforce, which would
devote 18 months to determining the ‘optimal pathway’ to establishing
this new capability. The taskforce has its work cut out for it, and the
signing of an initial nuclear information sharing agreement only two
months after AUKUS was announced suggests things are moving fast.
Nevertheless this new enterprise will be a massive undertaking and
probably the largest and most complex endeavour Australia has embarked
upon. The challenges, costs and risks will be enormous. It’s likely to
be at least two decades and tens of billions of dollars in sunk costs
before Australia has a useful nuclear-powered military capability... |
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ASPI |
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North of 26 Degrees South and the Security of Australia: Views From the
Strategist, Volume 4, December 2021.
The 27 essays in the collection demonstrate that Australia’s north—that
great sweep of territory from Rockhampton in the east to Onslow in the
west, taking in Townsville, Bamaga, Darwin and Broome—is about a whole
lot more than even what makes its way into the national debate (borders,
quarantine facilities, mining, agricultural and energy projects, and
small but key defence facilities). Between them, the authors of this
volume cover proposals for an Indigenous civil defence force to work
domestically and in our near region, the opportunities for processing
critical minerals and producing rare-earth magnets, a broader way of
thinking about and doing nation-building that gets beyond waiting for
one big first-mover investor or entrepreneur before anything happens,
and, of course, the ways that Australia can better use this huge chunk
of the globe’s strategic geography—along with key partners like Japan
and the United States... |
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ASPI |
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The Internet of Things: China’s Rise and Australia’s Choices, December
2021.
The world is being transformed by expansion of the Internet of Things (IoT).
The security challenges that go with this expansion require confronting
the transnational character of these evolving technological ecosystems.
Distrust of China and its ever-more pervasive presence in the
transnational IoT is driving US efforts to diversify digital technology
supply chains away from China, and to limit China’s presence in global
digital connections. But these efforts are unlikely to shift the
established trend among East and Southeast Asian countries towards
deepening integration with China. The cyber-physical nature of IoT
ecosystems reinforces China’s advantages as a global manufacturing hub.
And the complex features of these supply chains generate inertia against
relocating them to politically trusted jurisdictions (“re-shoring” or
“friend-shoring”)... |
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Lowy |
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A Way Out from the US-DPRK Deadlock: Toward North Korea’s
Denuclearization, December 2021.
This Issue Brief focuses on three points essential to the
resumption of denuclearization talks. First, this paper will
analyze North Korea’s unique status as a de facto nuclear
weapon state in relation to its nuclear policy and strategy.
Second, it will conduct a critical assessment of the
Trump-Kim summits to draw lessons for future talks. Lastly,
it will explore a possible way out of the current deadlock.
This paper concludes that, amidst current tensions, the
establishment of a collective diplomatic effort devoted to
confidence and trust-building that revolves around an early
warning and arms control mechanism to reduce tensions and
avoid crises is necessary. The objective should be the
creation of both a collective burden-sharing mechanism and
an action-for-action system to achieve North Korea’s
denuclearization. |
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ISDP |
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Strong and Unique: Three Decades of U.S.-Kazakhstan
Partnership, Published 2021 offers an insight-filled
account of the evolution of the relationship between the
United States and Kazakhstan. Given the U.S.’ interest in
nuclear security and energy exploration, this relationship
predates the collapse of the Soviet Union; Kazakhstani and
American leaders enjoyed a substantive and even privileged
relationship from the outset. Over the past three-and-a-half
decades, both countries have maintained this momentum
despite occasional differences and rapidly shifting
circumstances. Today, America’s relationship with Kazakhstan
stands out on a regional level as the most stable and
positive — a strong and unique partnership in a part of the
world that seldom gets the attention it deserves.
Kazakhstan’s relationship with America, in the same spirit,
stands as a model of the benefits a balanced foreign policy
can bring to all concerned. |
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ISDP |
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Trends in
Southeast Asia 2021 #21: Hashtag Campaigns during the
COVID-19 Pandemic in Malaysia: Escalating from Online to
Offline.
Hashtag campaigns on social media enable users to express
their sentiments on various issues and mobilize people to be
part of a movement or cause; they have been used effectively
by disenfranchised members of society against powerful
elites. While some are of the opinion that online campaigns
are ineffective due to “slacktivism”, such campaigns can
spill over to offline protests, especially if there are
strong emotions such as anger, or a sense of injustice or
social deprivation, spurring people on. The earlier hashtag
campaigns in Malaysia—#AntaraDuaDarjat (#BetweenTwoStatus)
and #DengkiKe (#AreYouJealous)—were expressions of
unhappiness over perceived double standards in the
enforcement of COVID-19 public safety protocols... |
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ISEAS |
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Trends in
Southeast Asia 2021 #20: Urban Biodiversity and Nature-
Based Solutions in Southeast Asia: Perspectives from
Indonesia and Malaysia.
Rapid urbanization and development in Southeast Asia have
impacted its high biodiversity and unique ecosystems,
directly through the use of forest lands for infrastructure
building, and indirectly through increasing ecological
footprints. In Greater Bandung,
Indonesia and Greater Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, rapid
urbanization over the last thirty years has resulted in an
increase in built infrastructure of approximately two and
three times respectively. A
Nature-Based Solutions approach can potentially underpin
urban design and planning strategies in Greater Bandung and
Greater Kuala Lumpur, as well as other cities in Southeast
Asia, to address biodiversity conservation and also global
environmental challenges such as climate change adaption and
mitigation, while supporting well-being... |
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ISEAS |
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The WTO’s 2020 Trade Policy Review for Indonesia and
Thailand: A Comparative Assessment, November 2021.
This paper provides an analytical survey of trade policy in
Indonesia and Thailand, in the context of the key findings
of the WTO’s 2020 Trade Policy Reviews. These are
historically dynamic economies that are integrated within
the outward-looking ASEAN protocols and the China-centred
East Asian trade and investment networks. Over the past
decade, there have been no major changes in the two
countries’ trade and commercial policy settings, with
Thailand maintaining its more open economic settings and
Indonesia continuing its more hesitant embrace of
globalization. The major drivers of domestic policy settings
have therefore been global factors, including the continuing
rise both of China in the regional and global economies and
of the increasingly China-centred global supply chains. Both
WTO reports provide comprehensive examinations of trade
patterns and policies, although there is room to strengthen
the analytical foundations of future reports. |
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ISEAS |
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Living with COVID-19 in Singapore: Attitudes, Challenges and the
Way Ahead, December 2021. Overall, our findings from the
present waves of analyses provide us with a better understanding
of how the Singapore population evaluates governance and living
with a prolonged health crisis. First, while satisfaction levels
towards the government across a range of domains have generally
been high, it is not a given. A positive appraisal of the
government on its management of the pandemic is subject to a
population perceiving that the government had met its
expectations. In the September to October period, when infection
cases and deaths were at an unprecedented high, as compared to
earlier periods of the pandemic, satisfaction levels dipped.
Nevertheless, we also observed that in late October to November,
satisfaction levels have experienced some stabilisation and
indeed, upward rebound... |
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IPS |
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Taxation and Distributive Justice in Singapore, September 2021.
COVID-19 has highlighted two important concerns in Singapore’s
public economics sphere: fiscal sustainability and economic
inequality. Given the centrality of the tax system in addressing
both of these concerns, this working paper aims to contribute by
providing moral principles that help to frame, shape and guide
public and political debate on Singapore’s tax system.
Traditionally, the criteria of equity are used to provide moral
guidance on the fairness of tax burdens. We find, however, that
principles of equity fall short of being complete principles of
tax justice because they do not consider how taxes are spent;
and secondly, they assume that people have full entitlement over
their earnings... |
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IPS |
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Making Identity Count in Singapore: Understanding Singaporeans'
National Pride and Identity, September 2021. This survey,
which obtained responses from 2,001 Singapore Citizens and
Permanent Residents from a representative national sample of
households, sought to understand national identity and pride in
Singapore. The study is conducted against the backdrop of
several global realities that make consideration of national
identity and pride crucial. The COVID-19 crisis has influenced
citizens in many countries to reflect on the strengths and
failures of their respective societies. Identity politics have
been gaining traction globally (e.g the Black Lives Matter has
become much more of a global movement since the unfortunate
death of George Floyd in May 2021) with increased efforts to
promote the needs of marginalised segments in society and build
more inclusive socieities... |
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IPS |
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MAS Financial Stability Review, December 2021.
The COVID-19
pandemic has continued to shape global macro-financial
developments and government policy responses in 2021. The
progress in national inoculation programmes and ongoing
accommodative macroeconomic policies have facilitated in lifting
global GDP from its trough in Q2 2020, though renewed outbreaks
of the virus have delayed economic recovery in some economies.
More recently, there has been a pick-up in cost and price
pressures induced in part by COVID-19-related disruptions.
Through the undulating course of the COVID-19 pandemic, global
financial conditions have remained conducive, supporting the
general resilience of the international monetary and financial
system over the past year... |
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MAS |
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Latest ADB publications:
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Harnessing Digitalization for Sustainable Economic
Development: Insights for Asia, December 2021
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Monetary Policy Transmission Mechanism of Bangladesh,
December 2021
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Approaches to Eradicate Absolute Poverty in Guangdong
Province, the People’s Republic of China, December 2021
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Pacific Energy Update 2021
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Sustainable Tourism after COVID-19: Insights and
Recommendation for Asia and the Pacific, December 2021
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Multidimensional Evolution of Rural Development Policy in
the People’s Republic of China, December 2021
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Contingent Valuation of Nonmarket Benefits in Project
Economic Analysis: A Guide to Good Practice, December 2021
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Detailed Guidance for Issuing Green Bonds in Developing
Countries, December 2021
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Managing the Development of Digital Marketplaces in Asia,
December 2021
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Promoting High-Quality Growth Through Financial Reform in
the People’s Republic of China, December 2021
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Disability and Social Protection in Asia, December 2021
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The Bond Market in Indonesia: An ASEAN+3 Bond Market Guide
Update, December 2021
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The Bond Market in Thailand: An ASEAN+3 Bond Market Guide
Update, December 2021
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Asian Development Outlook (ADO) 2021 Supplement: Recovery
Continues, December 2021
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Redefining Strategic Routes to Financial Resilience in
ASEAN+3, December 2021
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Eradicating Absolute Poverty in Hunan Province, People’s
Republic of China, December 2021
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Pacific Economic Monitor, December 2021
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COVID-19’s Initial Impact on Food Supply Chains, Rural
Migrants, and Poverty in the People’s Republic of China,
December 2021
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ADB |
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Latest ADB Working Paper Series:
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ADB |
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Latest ADBI Working Paper Series:
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Role of Policy Interventions in Limiting Emissions from
Vehicles in Delhi, 2020–2030, December 2021
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Government Policy, Industrial Clusters, and the Blue Economy
in the People’s Republic of China: A Case Study on the
Shandong Peninsula Blue Economic Zone, December 2021
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Capitalizing on Co-Benefits and Synergies to Promote the
Blue Economy in Asia and the Pacific, December 2021
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COVID-19, Digital Transactions, and Economic Activities:
Puzzling Nexus of Wealth Enhancement, Trade, and Financial
Technology, December 2021
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Sustainable Coastal and Maritime Tourism: A Potential Blue
Economy Avenue for Bangladesh, December 2021
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Household Energy Consumption Behaviors during the COVID-19
Pandemic in Mongolia, December 2021
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Developing the Philippine Blue Economy: Opportunities and
Challenges in the Ocean Tourism Sector, December 2021
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Building Back Better in Small Island Developing States in
the Pacific: Initial Insights from the BinD Model of
Disaster Risk Management Policy Options in Fiji, December
2021
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Approaches to Strengthening Fisheries Financing and
Institutional Mechanisms: A Cross-Country Comparison of
Cambodia, India, and Indonesia, December 2021
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ADB |
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Latest APEC publications:
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Digital Tools for Addressing Infectious Diseases in the
Asia-Pacific Region: Challenges and Opportunities, December
2021
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Capacity Building on Development of Climate Actions for
Sustainable Growth by the use of ISO14080, December 2021
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APEC Multistakeholder Dialogue on Promoting Renewable and
Clean Energy Policies, December 2021
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) Policy Recommendation on
Digital Transformation for Healthcare Ecosystem - Case Study
Report, December 2021
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) Policy Recommendation on
Digital Transformation for Healthcare Ecosystem - AI Policy
Report, December 2021
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APEC Policy Dialogue on SMEs and Entrepreneurship Framework:
Let’s be Coherent and Cohesive, December 2021
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Trade in Remanufactured Goods in APEC: The Case of
Refurbished Medical Imaging Devices, December 2021
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Enhancing Participation in Flood Disaster Preparedness
through Community-based Hazard Mapping, December 2021
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APEC Capacity Building Workshop on Promoting Digital
Economy, December 2021
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FTAAP Capacity Building Workshop on New Trends in Investment
Elements Negotiations in FTAs/RTAs, December 2021
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APEC Regional Consumer Protection Framework Workshop,
December 2021
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Promoting Smart Cities through Quality Infrastructure
Investment in Rapidly Urbanizing APEC Region, December 2021
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Guidelines on Providing Social Protection to Digital
Platform Workers, December 2021
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Best Practice Handbook for Establishing and Enhancing Energy
Efficiency Obligation (EEO) Schemes, December 2021
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Gender Mainstreaming and Mentoring in APEC Anti-Corruption
Agencies, December 2021
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APEC EGILAT Survey of Private Sector Organizations in the
Forest Products Supply Chain, December 2021
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Big Data for the Labor Market: Sources, Uses and
Opportunities, December 2021
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Scoping Study on New and Emerging Environmental Goods,
December 2021
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Toward Building Resilient Supply Chains — A Possible Role of
Investment Policy, December 2021
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Understanding the Impact of COVID-19 — Requirements on Air
Crew, December 2021
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APEC EGILAT Policy Theme: Advancing the Trade and
Distribution of Legally Harvested Forest Product, December
2021
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Capacity-building Workshop on Implementation of Port State
Measures under the APEC Roadmap on Combatting IUU Fishing,
November 2021
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APEC Climate Symposium – Innovations in Climate
Communication for Enhancing Human Security to Manage Risks
of Climate Extremes, November 2021
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Guidelines for Paperless Trade, November 2021
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13th SCSC Conference: Standardisation in Circular Economy
for a More Sustainable Trade, December 2021
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FTAAP Capacity Building Workshop on E-commerce Elements in
FTAs/RTAs (Phase 2), November 2021
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The 2nd APEC Cross-Border E-Commerce Training Workshop (APEC
CBET II), November 2021
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The Value of Business Ethics for APEC SMEs, November 2021
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Good Practices in Policies/Models for SME Mining
Development, July 2020
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APEC |
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Hmong Studies
Journal,
Vol.
23, 2021 |
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HSJ |
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